| Modification Notes |
Prothymosin a (PTå) is a nuclear protein that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues, including kidney, liver, spleen, normal lymphocytes, human T-cell leukemia virus-infected T cells and myeloma cells. The human PTå gene maps to chromosome 2 and encodes a protein that exhibits punctuated nuclear distribution, which correlates to transcription sites. PTå is a chromatin-remodeling protein that was initially thought to mediate T-lymphocyte maturation, but subsequently, has been shown to be involved in cell cycle progression, proliferation and cell differentiation. PTå is thought to be transported into the nucleus by the karyopherin b1-Rch-1 complex, where it associates with histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Also, PTå is phosphorylated on Thr 7 and Thr 12 or 13 by Prothymosin å-phosphorylating kinase (PTåK) in a mitogen-activating pathway. The amino terminus of PTå is cleaved to produce a secreted, biologically active peptide thymosin å1, which may be used as an immunomodulator in cancer patients and patients with chronic active hepatitis, or as an immunoenhancer of vaccines in immunocompromised individuals. |