| Modification Notes |
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is an autosomal dominant or sporadic neurovascular disease marked by vascular anomalies located mostly in the central nervous system that can cause stroke, seizures, cerebral hemorrhages, headaches and focal neurologic deficits. CCM is caused by mutations in one of three genes: CCM1, CCM2 or CCM3. CCM1 encodes the protein KRIT1, CCM2 encodes the protein Malcavernin and CCM3 shares its name with the protein it encodes. Malcavernin, also designated cerebral cavernous malformations 2 protein, is a scffolding protein for MEK kinase-3. Like KRIT1, Malcavernin is expresed in a variety of human organs including the arterial vascular endothelium, pyramidal neurons, astrocytes and their foot processes. In addition, Malcavernin is expressed in various epithelial cells that are required for the formation of the blood-organ barrier. Malcavernin is localized to the cytoplasm but is known to shuttle to and from the nucleus. Due to its lack of a nuclear export signal or nuclear localization signal, it is believed that Malcavernin accomplishes this shuttling via an attachment to KRIT1, which contains a nuclear localization signal. Two isoforms exist for Malcavernin. Isoform 1 represents the full length protein while isoform 2 contains an alternative four amino acid sequence rather than the first 10 residues of isoform 1. |
