| Modification Notes |
4.1N protein (band 4.1-like protein 1, neuronal protein 4.1) binds and stabilizes D2 and D3 dopamine receptors at the neuronal plasma membrane. 4.1 adapter proteins mediate interactions between the cytoskeleton and the overlying plasma membrane. These multiple 4.1N interactions with the cell cytoskelton and plasma membrane may confer stability and plasticity to neuronal membrane. The 4.1N protein is expressed highly in the brain, and is found at lower levels in heart, kidney, pancreas, placenta, lung and skeletal muscle. Four homologous genes (4.1R, 4.1G, 4.1N, and 4.1B) undergo complex alternative splicing. The distribution of these 4.1 spliced gene products along the nephron suggests their involvement in targeting of selected transmembrane proteins in kidney epithelium and, therefore, in regulation of specific kidney functions. |