| Modification Notes |
During amino acid starvation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizes a network of proteins to activate the transcription of amino acid biosynthetic genes (1). Phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2a) by Gcn2 downregulates total protein synthesis as well as decreases the amount of uncharged tRNA (2,3). Uncharged tRNA recognizes the initiation codon of Gcn4 mRNA to increase levels of the Gcn4 protein, a transcriptional activator of amino acid biosynthetic precursors (2,3). Gcn4 recognizes a specific DNA-binding motif sequence designated the Gcn4-protein responsive element (GCRE), which is present in the promoter regions of its target genes (1). Gcn4 targets include genes in every amino acid biosynthetic pathway except cysteine as well as genes encoding vitamin biosynthetic enzymes, peroxisomal components, mitochondrial carrier proteins, and autophagy proteins (4,5). UV radiation and glucose stimulation also induce Gcn4 activity through the Ras/cAMP pathway (5,6). |