| Modification Notes |
Protamines are small, arginine-rich (basic), nuclear proteins that mediate normal sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization (1–3). Mice, humans, and certain fish have 2 or more different protamines, whereas the sperm of bull, boar, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, and ram have one form of protamine (3,4). The majority of DNA in human sperm is bound to protamines with only a small proportion of DNA bound to histones in a way similar to active chromatin (1,2). The retention of histone association with sperm DNA with respect to protamine association to sperm DNA can change within as little as 400 bp of DNA, suggesting that there is fine control over haploid DNA organization (1). Protamines eventually replace histones late in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis (1,2). The human protamine 1 gene maps to chromosome 16p13.13 and encodes a 51 amino acid protein (5). The human protamine 2 gene maps to chromosome 16p13.13 and encodes a 102 amino acid protein (6). |