The estrogen receptor (ESR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The ESR1 protein localizes to the nucleus where it may forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis.